Regulators
רגולטורים
Financial regulatory authorities.
Federal Reserve System
The central banking system of the United States, responsible for monetary policy, bank supervision, financial stability, and key payment services.
institutionBank of Israel
The Bank of Israel is the central bank of Israel, established in 1954, responsible for monetary policy, price stability and supervision of the banking system.
institutionFederal Open Market Committee
The monetary-policy committee of the U.S. Federal Reserve System that sets the target stance for open market operations and the federal funds rate.
productExchange-Traded Fund
An exchange-traded fund is an investment fund that trades on a stock exchange throughout the day like a share, typically tracking an index, sector, commodity or bond basket.
institutionBlackRock
BlackRock is the world's largest asset manager, headquartered in New York City, with more than 11 trillion US dollars in assets under management as of 2025.
institutionU.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission is the United States federal agency responsible for enforcing securities laws and regulating the securities industry, established in 1934.
institutionReserve Bank of Australia
The Reserve Bank of Australia is Australia's central bank, responsible for monetary policy, issuing the Australian dollar and maintaining financial system stability.
productSuperannuation (Australia)
Superannuation is Australia's compulsory retirement savings system, under which employers must contribute a legislated percentage of employee earnings into a super fund.
institutionIsrael Securities Authority
The Israel Securities Authority is the national securities regulator of Israel, established in 1968 to protect investors and supervise the capital market.
institutionAustralian Securities and Investments Commission
The Australian Securities and Investments Commission is Australia's corporate, markets, financial services and consumer credit regulator, established in 1991.
institutionU.S. Department of the Treasury
The U.S. Department of the Treasury is the federal executive department responsible for managing key fiscal, financial, tax, currency, debt-management and financial-integrity functions of the United States government.
conceptFederal Funds Rate
The Federal Reserve’s key U.S. overnight interbank policy rate and monetary policy benchmark.
regulatorAustralian Prudential Regulation Authority
Australia’s prudential regulator for banks, insurers and most superannuation entities.
marketAustralian Securities Exchange
Australia’s principal securities exchange group and operator of listing, trading, clearing, settlement, market data and related infrastructure.
institutionFederal National Mortgage Association
U.S. government-sponsored enterprise known as Fannie Mae that supports the secondary mortgage market.
regulatorFederal Deposit Insurance Corporation
U.S. federal agency that insures bank deposits, supervises certain banks, and resolves failed insured depository institutions.
regulatorOffice of the Comptroller of the Currency
U.S. Treasury bureau that charters, regulates, and supervises national banks, federal savings associations, and federal branches and agencies of foreign banks.
institutionDepository Trust & Clearing Corporation
U.S. post-trade market infrastructure group whose subsidiaries provide securities depository, clearing, settlement, data and related processing services.
regulatorAustralian Taxation Office
Australia’s principal revenue collection agency and administrator of tax, superannuation and registry functions.
regulatorBoard of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
Governing federal agency of the Federal Reserve System in Washington, D.C.
institutionFederal Reserve Bank of New York
The Federal Reserve Bank serving the Second Federal Reserve District and executing U.S. open market operations for the Federal Reserve System.
regulatorInternal Revenue Service
U.S. federal tax administration agency within the Department of the Treasury.
regulatorIsrael Tax Authority
Israeli government authority responsible for administering income tax, value-added tax, real estate taxation, customs and other national taxes.
fundMutual fund
A U.S. mutual fund is an SEC-registered open-end investment company that pools shareholders’ money to invest in a portfolio of securities or other assets.
fundDeposit Insurance Fund
The Deposit Insurance Fund is the fund administered by the FDIC to insure deposits at covered U.S. banks and resolve failed insured depository institutions.
institutionMinistry of Finance (Israel)
Israel’s central government ministry for fiscal policy, state budgeting, revenues, public debt and major areas of financial-sector oversight.
regulatorCommodity Futures Trading Commission
Independent U.S. regulator for futures, options and swaps markets.
institutionChicago Mercantile Exchange
U.S. derivatives exchange and CME Group subsidiary for futures and options markets.
regulatorPension Benefit Guaranty Corporation
U.S. federal corporation that insures private-sector defined benefit pension plans.
institutionAustralian Treasury
Central economic policy department of the Australian Government, advising on the Budget, taxation, financial system, macroeconomic policy and federal financial relations.
conceptAustralian cash rate
The Australian cash rate is the Reserve Bank of Australia’s operational target for monetary policy and the benchmark overnight rate in the Australian dollar money market.
institutionAustralian Office of Financial Management
Australia’s sovereign debt manager and issuer of Australian Government Securities.
institutionMonetary Committee of the Bank of Israel
The statutory body that sets Israel’s monetary policy and key policy interest rate within the Bank of Israel.
conceptBank of Israel interest rate
The Bank of Israel’s policy interest rate, set by the Monetary Committee as Israel’s main monetary-policy instrument.
regulatorSupervisor of Capital Markets, Insurance and Savings
Israel’s non-bank financial regulator for insurance, pensions, provident funds, long-term savings and regulated financial-service providers.
institutionSecurities Investor Protection Corporation
U.S. nonprofit corporation that protects customers of failed SIPC-member broker-dealers under the Securities Investor Protection Act.
institutionThe Depository Trust Company
U.S. central securities depository and settlement utility operated as a DTCC subsidiary.
institutionNational Securities Clearing Corporation
U.S. clearing agency and central counterparty for many broker-to-broker securities trades.
institutionFixed Income Clearing Corporation
U.S. clearing agency and DTCC subsidiary that provides central counterparty clearing and settlement services for Treasury, agency debt, and agency mortgage-backed securities markets.
regulatorCouncil of Financial Regulators
Australia’s non-statutory coordinating body for financial regulators.
marketNew Payments Platform
Australia’s real-time account-to-account payments infrastructure for fast retail payments, PayID addressing and PayTo payment initiation.
regulatorForeign Investment Review Board
Australian non-statutory advisory body for foreign investment screening and policy administration.
regulatorAustralian Competition and Consumer Commission
Australia’s national competition, consumer, fair trading and product safety regulator.
indexBank bill swap rate
Australian dollar benchmark interest rate for short-term bank paper, widely used in loans, floating-rate notes and derivatives.
regulatorConsumer Financial Protection Bureau
U.S. federal regulator for consumer financial products and services.
regulatorFinancial Industry Regulatory Authority
U.S. self-regulatory organization overseeing broker-dealers and registered representatives.
institutionAustralian Bureau of Statistics
Australia’s national statistical agency and the official producer of many core economic, population, labour-market and price statistics.
indexConsumer Price Index (Australia)
Australia’s principal household inflation index, compiled by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.
regulatorBanking Supervision Department of the Bank of Israel
Israel’s prudential and conduct supervisor for banks within the Bank of Israel.
institutionMASAV
Israel’s bank-owned automated clearing and faster-payments infrastructure for shekel credits, debits and transfers.
regulatorFinancial Crimes Enforcement Network
U.S. Treasury bureau that administers and enforces Bank Secrecy Act anti-money laundering rules and serves as the U.S. financial intelligence unit.
regulatorFederal Housing Finance Agency
U.S. federal regulator and conservator overseeing Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the Federal Home Loan Bank System.
institutionFederal Home Loan Bank System
U.S. government-sponsored cooperative bank system that provides collateralized funding to member financial institutions for housing finance, liquidity, and community development.
regulatorNational Credit Union Administration
U.S. federal regulator, chartering authority, and share-insurance administrator for credit unions.
indexIsrael Consumer Price Index
Monthly measure of changes in Israeli consumer prices, compiled by the Central Bureau of Statistics and used as the main inflation indicator.
productFedwire Funds Service
U.S. Federal Reserve real-time gross settlement service for same-day, high-value funds transfers.
conceptBank Holding Company
A company that controls one or more U.S. banks and is subject to Federal Reserve supervision under the Bank Holding Company Act and Regulation Y.
regulatorOffice of Foreign Assets Control
U.S. Treasury office that administers and enforces economic and trade sanctions.
conceptFinancial Claims Scheme
Australian government scheme protecting eligible bank deposits and general insurance claims after a failure of a covered institution.
productCHESS
Australia’s Clearing House Electronic Subregister System for cash equities settlement and share ownership records.
institutionRBA Monetary Policy Board
Australia’s statutory central-bank board responsible for monetary policy decisions, including the cash rate target.
regulatorAustralian Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre
Australia’s anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing regulator and financial intelligence unit.
personAmir Yaron
Israeli economist and governor of the Bank of Israel since December 2018.
institutionAustralian Financial Complaints Authority
Australia’s independent external dispute resolution scheme for eligible complaints about financial firms.
institutionNational Insurance Institute of Israel
Israel’s public social security institution, responsible for collecting national and health insurance contributions and administering statutory benefits.
institutionNational Association of Insurance Commissioners
U.S. organization through which state insurance regulators develop common standards, share data and coordinate oversight.
conceptBank of Israel Credit Data System
Israel’s central system for collecting and sharing individuals’ credit data under the Credit Data Law, 5776–2016.
institutionOptions Clearing Corporation
The Options Clearing Corporation (OCC) is a U.S. central counterparty and clearing agency that clears and settles listed options and other financial contracts, manages associated risks, and operates under the jurisdiction of federal financial regulators.
marketIsraeli mortgage market
The Israeli mortgage market comprises housing loans secured by residential property, primarily originated by banks and regulated by the Bank of Israel. It is shaped by borrower-based limits on loan size and repayment capacity, a mix of interest-rate and indexation tracks, and an approval process designed to support comparison among lenders.
marketAustralian financial advice industry
The Australian financial advice industry comprises licensed businesses and authorised professionals that provide financial product advice, including personal advice to retail clients. Its activities are governed primarily by the Corporations Act 2001 and overseen by ASIC, with requirements that vary according to the advice, client and products involved.
institutionFederal Housing Administration
A U.S. government agency within HUD that insures mortgages made by approved lenders, supporting financing for single-family homes, multifamily properties, and certain healthcare facilities.
conceptSuperannuation guarantee (Australia)
Australia’s statutory requirement for employers to make minimum superannuation contributions for eligible workers.
marketIsraeli Equity Market
The Israeli equity market is the market for shares and related securities traded primarily on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, Israel’s principal securities exchange. It connects companies seeking equity capital with domestic and international investors, and is regulated within a framework that includes the Israel Securities Authority and TASE rules.
conceptFederal Reserve Discount Window
The Federal Reserve discount window is a lending facility through which eligible depository institutions borrow directly from a Federal Reserve Bank, usually against pledged collateral. Its primary, secondary, and seasonal credit programs provide different forms of short-term funding, supporting institutions’ liquidity management and the stability of the U.S. banking system.
conceptTreasury General Account
The Treasury General Account is the U.S. Treasury’s principal cash account at the Federal Reserve and a key liability on the Fed’s balance sheet. The term is also used for Treasury’s cash-deposit program through which federal agencies deposit collections at participating financial institutions.
conceptIsraeli Bank Capital Adequacy Framework
Israel’s bank capital adequacy framework consists of prudential rules set by the Bank of Israel’s Banking Supervision Department. It defines eligible regulatory capital, risk-weighted asset calculations, minimum capital ratios, a leverage backstop, supervisory assessment and disclosure requirements for banking corporations.
institutionFederal Reserve Bank of Boston
The Federal Reserve Bank of Boston is the regional Reserve Bank for the Federal Reserve System’s First District, covering most of New England. It contributes regional research and perspectives to monetary policymaking, supervises certain financial institutions, provides payment services, and conducts community-development and economic research.
conceptIsraeli capital gains tax
An overview of how Israel taxes gains from the disposal of investments, other assets and real estate, including the role of tax residency, common rates, reporting and exemptions.
institutionNational Futures Association
The National Futures Association is a U.S. derivatives-industry self-regulatory organization designated by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission as a registered futures association. It administers registration functions, develops and enforces rules for its Members, conducts examinations, provides public background information, and offers arbitration services.
institutionFederal Reserve Bank of Kansas City
The Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City is one of the 12 regional Reserve Banks in the Federal Reserve System. Headquartered in Missouri, it serves the Tenth Federal Reserve District, operates branches in Denver, Oklahoma City and Omaha, and contributes to monetary policy, banking supervision, payment services and regional economic research.
institutionSEC Division of Corporation Finance
A division of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission that administers corporate disclosure requirements, selectively reviews securities filings, provides staff interpretations of securities laws and rules, and advises the Commission on regulatory proposals.
marketIsraeli Foreign-Exchange Market
The Israeli foreign-exchange market is the market in which shekels are exchanged for foreign currencies, mainly through over-the-counter transactions between banks, customers, and other financial-sector participants. The Bank of Israel monitors activity, publishes reference exchange rates, and may intervene under its exchange-rate policy.
personStanley Fischer
Stanley Fischer was an economist and central banker who served as governor of the Bank of Israel and vice chair of the U.S. Federal Reserve. His career connected academic economics and senior roles in international financial institutions and monetary policymaking. [citation needed]
institutionFinancial Stability Oversight Council
The Financial Stability Oversight Council is a U.S. interagency body created by the Dodd–Frank Act to monitor threats to financial stability, coordinate regulators, and use specified authorities to address systemic risks.
regulatorMunicipal Securities Rulemaking Board
The Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board (MSRB) is a U.S. self-regulatory organization established by Congress to write conduct rules for municipal securities dealers and municipal advisors, oversee market transparency systems, and support a fair and efficient municipal securities market.
conceptTreasury International Capital System
The Treasury International Capital (TIC) system is a U.S. government data-collection and reporting system that measures cross-border portfolio investment, selected financial positions, and related transactions between U.S. residents and foreign residents.
marketAustralian general insurance industry
The Australian general insurance industry comprises insurers and related businesses that provide cover for property, motor vehicles, liability and other non-life risks. It is subject to prudential oversight by APRA and conduct regulation by ASIC, and includes domestic insurers as well as business placed through intermediaries and overseas providers.
conceptMedicare Levy Surcharge
Australian tax surcharge on higher-income taxpayers who do not hold eligible private hospital cover.
institutionShva
Israeli payment infrastructure company operating national payment-card and ATM switching systems.
institutionIsrael Innovation Authority
Israel’s statutory public agency for technology innovation policy, R&D grants, and innovation ecosystem development.
productMySuper
Australian default superannuation product framework for simple, comparable retirement savings options.
institutionTel Aviv Stock Exchange Clearing House
Israeli clearing house and central securities depository for non-derivative securities traded on TASE.
conceptAustralian real estate investment trusts
Listed Australian property trusts, commonly called A-REITs, that give investors exchange-traded exposure to portfolios of income-producing real estate.
marketAustralian life insurance industry
Overview of Australia’s life insurance market, including products, distribution, regulation, capital framework and links with superannuation.
regulatorCapital Market, Insurance and Savings Authority
Israeli regulator for insurance, pensions, provident funds, long-term savings and regulated non-bank financial services.
regulatorAustralian Securities and Investments Commission Market Supervision
ASIC’s function for supervising trading on Australia’s domestic licensed financial markets and enforcing market integrity rules.
marketAustralian corporate bond market
Market for debt securities issued by Australian companies and other corporate borrowers, including domestic Australian-dollar bonds and offshore issuance by Australian entities.
institutionAccountant General of Israel
Senior Ministry of Finance office responsible for Israeli government accounting, treasury operations, debt management, state guarantees, procurement controls and budget execution oversight.
productMAGNA disclosure system
Israel Securities Authority electronic filing and disclosure platform for regulated securities-market reports.
productFedNow Service
United States Federal Reserve instant payment infrastructure for 24x7x365 interbank clearing and settlement.
regulatorPayments System Board
Policy board of the Reserve Bank of Australia responsible for payments system policy and related oversight of clearing and settlement facilities.
regulatorIsrael Money Laundering and Terror Financing Prohibition Authority
Israel’s financial intelligence unit, responsible for receiving and analyzing financial reports concerning suspected money laundering and terrorist financing.
regulatorTakeovers Panel (Australia)
Australian specialist body that resolves disputes about takeovers and corporate control.
institutionASX Clear (Futures)
ASX Clear (Futures) Pty Limited is an Australian central counterparty that clears futures and options traded on ASX 24 and eligible over-the-counter derivatives. It interposes itself between clearing participants after accepting and novating transactions, and uses margin, financial resources and default-management procedures to manage counterparty risk.
personMichele Bullock
Michele Bullock is an Australian economist and Governor of the Reserve Bank of Australia. Appointed in 2023 for a seven-year term, she has held senior roles at the Bank across economic policy, payments, currency and financial system work.
institutionTASE Derivatives Clearing House
The MAOF Clearing House is the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange subsidiary responsible for issuing, clearing, settling and exercising exchange-traded options and futures in Israel. It acts as the central counterparty for derivatives transactions and operates under TASE rules and Israel Securities Authority oversight.
marketIsraeli securities lending market
A market in which securities held by investors are temporarily lent to borrowers, including investors seeking to make short sales. In Israel, lending is conducted through market intermediaries and the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange Clearing House’s central securities lending pool.
marketAustralian exchange-traded funds
Exchange-traded funds in Australia are pooled investment funds whose units are quoted and traded on a licensed Australian exchange. They provide exposure to assets such as shares, bonds, property, commodities and currencies, and are subject to Australian financial-services, market and tax rules.
institutionAustralian Financial Security Authority
The Australian Financial Security Authority (AFSA) is a Commonwealth executive agency in the Treasury portfolio. It administers Australia’s personal insolvency and personal property securities systems, regulates aspects of personal insolvency practice, operates the Personal Property Securities Register, and manages certain assets confiscated under proceeds-of-crime laws.
institutionFederal Reserve Bank of Chicago
The Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago is one of the 12 regional Reserve Banks in the U.S. Federal Reserve System. It serves the Seventh District, contributes regional research and economic information to national monetary policy discussions, supervises certain financial institutions, and provides central banking and payment services.
conceptIsraeli depositor protection
Israel’s approach to protecting bank depositors relies on banking supervision and financial-stability measures rather than a statutory deposit-insurance scheme with a defined compensation limit. The Bank of Israel has described an implicit government guarantee, but that is distinct from a legally specified, automatic entitlement to reimbursement if a bank fails.
conceptIsraeli Financial Literacy
Financial literacy in Israel encompasses the knowledge, skills, attitudes and behaviors used to make financial decisions, supported by school curricula, public information and policy initiatives.
institutionFederal Reserve Bank of Richmond
The Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond is one of the 12 regional Reserve Banks in the U.S. Federal Reserve System. Headquartered in Richmond, Virginia, it serves the Fifth Federal Reserve District and carries out regional functions including economic research, financial-institution supervision, and payment services.
institutionFederal Reserve Bank of Atlanta
The Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta is one of 12 regional Reserve Banks in the U.S. Federal Reserve System. Headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, it serves the Sixth Federal Reserve District, contributes regional economic information to national monetary-policy deliberations, supervises certain financial institutions, and provides payment and lending services.
marketIsraeli money market
The Israeli money market is the segment of Israel’s financial system for short-term borrowing, lending, liquidity management and trading in short-maturity instruments, principally in shekels. It connects banks, the Bank of Israel, government and institutional investors, and other financial firms through central-bank operations, MAKAM bills, deposits and securities-based transactions.
eventIsraeli financial-market response to the 2008 global financial crisis
The Israeli financial-market response to the 2008 global financial crisis involved sharp repricing of shares and corporate bonds, a severe interruption of non-bank credit, and policy measures by the Bank of Israel and the government. Israeli banks remained stable, while markets and economic activity were affected most strongly in late 2008 and early 2009.
institutionAustralian Payments Network (AusPayNet)
Australian Payments Network Limited (AusPayNet) is an Australian payments-industry membership organisation and self-regulatory body. It develops and administers rules, procedures and standards for several payment frameworks, and supports coordination among participants. It does not own or operate the underlying payment infrastructure through which funds move.
conceptFinancial Stability Review (Australia)
The Financial Stability Review (FSR) is a twice-yearly publication of the Reserve Bank of Australia assessing the resilience of Australia’s financial system and risks that could affect its stability. It surveys domestic and international conditions, borrowers, banks and non-bank institutions, and informs the RBA Monetary Policy Board’s consideration of financial-system risks.
conceptFinancial literacy in Australia
Financial literacy in Australia refers to the knowledge, skills, attitudes and behaviours that help people understand financial information and make decisions about earning, spending, saving, borrowing, investing and planning for the future. Australian policy increasingly uses the related term financial capability, which also emphasises applying knowledge in real-life circumstances.
marketIsraeli Motor Insurance Market
Israel’s motor insurance market combines compulsory coverage for bodily injury with optional insurance for damage to vehicles and property. It is regulated by the Capital Market, Insurance and Savings Authority, with licensed insurers offering policies and a designated pool serving some drivers unable to obtain compulsory cover through the regular market.
conceptIsraeli Fiscal Rule Framework
Israel’s fiscal rule framework consists principally of statutory limits on the central-government budget deficit and expenditure, alongside legal procedures governing budget approval and spending when no annual budget is enacted. The rules shape budget preparation, but their parameters have been amended over time, including in response to exceptional spending pressures.
institutionReserve Bank Board
Former main policy board of the Reserve Bank of Australia, replaced in 2025 by the Monetary Policy Board and Governance Board.
institutionIsrael Postal Bank
Postal financial-services arm of Israel Post, providing low-cost current accounts, payments, remittances and related services under Ministry of Communications supervision.
regulatorIsrael Securities Authority Enforcement Department
Enforcement function within Israel’s securities regulator responsible for administrative enforcement and related securities-law proceedings.
institutionInter-Ministerial Committee on Financial Stability (Israel)
Israel’s Financial Stability Committee is a statutory forum for coordination among the central bank, finance ministry and financial regulators. It monitors risks that could affect the financial system as a whole and can make recommendations to regulators and the government, while operational supervisory and crisis-management responsibilities remain with the relevant authorities.
eventIsrael’s 2002 Economic Plan
Israel’s 2002 Economic Plan was a set of fiscal and legislative measures adopted during a recession to address a widening budget deficit and support economic stability. It combined spending adjustments and changes to benefits and employment rules, and is associated with the 2002 budget, the Economic Arrangements Law and a separate emergency plan.
event1983 Israeli Bank Stock Crisis
The 1983 Israeli bank stock crisis was a collapse in the prices of major Israeli bank shares after years of bank intervention to support them. The episode prompted an 18-day closure of the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange and a government-backed arrangement that transferred control of major banks to the state.
fundSocial Security trust funds
The Social Security trust funds are two federal accounts that record income and expenses for the U.S. Social Security program and hold its accumulated reserves. The Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and Disability Insurance funds are managed by the Treasury and invest reserves in U.S. government securities under federal law.
institutionIsrael Government Debt Management Unit
Unit in Israel’s Ministry of Finance responsible for financing the government and managing the state debt portfolio.
marketAustralian mortgage-backed securities
Debt securities backed by pools of Australian residential mortgages, used by banks and non-bank lenders for funding and by the RBA as eligible collateral under specified conditions.
conceptBank of Israel foreign exchange reserves
Foreign-currency reserve assets held and managed by the Bank of Israel for liquidity, crisis financing, and market-stability purposes.
regulatorAustralian Securities and Investments Commission Innovation Hub
ASIC program that supports fintech and regtech firms in navigating Australian financial-services regulation.
institutionIsrael Foreign Trade Risks Insurance Corporation (ASHRA)
ASHRA is a wholly government-owned Israeli export credit agency that provides insurance for medium- and long-term export credit and, in specified cases, other international trade risks. Its coverage can address political and commercial non-payment risks and is backed by a state guarantee, subject to underwriting and government approval.